Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860)
Autor(a) de A Arte de Ter Razão: 38 Estratagemas
About the Author
Arthur Schopenhauer traveled in childhood throughout Europe and lived for a time in Goethe's Weimar, where his mother had established a salon that attracted many of Europe's leading intellectuals. As a young man, Schopenhauer studied at the University of Gottingen and in Berlin, where he attended mostrar mais the lectures of Fichte and Schleiermacher. Schopenhauer's first work was The Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason (1813), followed by a treatise on the physiology of perception, On Vision and Colors (1816). When Schopenhauer wrote his principal work, The World as Will and Idea (1819), he was confident that it was a work of great importance that would soon win him fame, but in this he was badly disappointed. In 1819 he arranged to hold a series of philosophical lectures at the same time as those of the newly arrived professor Hegel, whom Schopenhauer despised (calling him, among other creative epithets, an "intellectual Caliban"). This move resulted only in further humiliation for Schopenhauer, since no one showed up to hear him. Schopenhauer continued to be frustrated in repeated attempts to achieve recognition. In 1839 and 1840 he submitted essays on freedom of the will and the foundation of morality to competitions sponsored by the Royal Danish Academy but he won no prize, even when his essay was the only entry in the competition. In 1844 he published a second volume of The World as Will and Idea, containing developments and commentaries on the first. Around 1850, toward the end of his life, Schopenhauer's philosophy began to receive belated recognition, and he died in the confidence that his long-awaited and deserved fame had finally come. Schopenhauer's philosophy exercised considerable influence in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, not only among academic philosophers but even more among artists and literati. This may be in part because, unlike his German idealist contemporaries, Schopenhauer is a lucid and even witty writer, whose style consciously owes more to Hume than to Kant. Schopenhauer's philosophy is founded on the idea that reality is Will--a single, insatiable, objectless striving that manifests itself in the world of appearance as a vast multiplicity of phenomena, engaged in an endless and painful struggle with one another. He saw the same vision in the texts of Indian religions---Vedanta and Buddhism---which he regarded as vastly superior to Western monotheism. Schopenhauer's theory of the empirical world is an idealism, in which the doctrines of Kant are identified with those of Berkeley. In aesthetic enjoyment Schopenhauer saw a form of knowledge that is higher than ordinary empirical knowledge because it is a disinterested contemplation of the forms or essences of things, rather than a cognition of causal connections between particulars driven by the will's interest in control and domination. True salvation, however, lies in an intuitive insight into the evil of willing, which in its highest manifestations is capable of completely extinguishing the will in a state of nirvana. In his perceptive development of the psychological consequences of his theory, Schopenhauer gives particular emphasis to the way in which our knowledge and behavior are insidiously manipulated by our unconscious volition; this stress, plus the central role he gives to sexuality in his theory of the will, contains much that is found later in Freud (who acknowledged that Schopenhauer had anticipated his theory of repression). Schopenhauer's main influence on twentieth-century philosophy, however, was mediated by Nietzsche, whose theory of the will to power added a poignant twist by committing itself to the affirmation of the will while still conceiving it in essentially the same way---insatiable, painful, predatory, deceptive, and subversive of rational thought---which it had been in Schopenhauer's metaphysical pessimism. (Bowker Author Biography) mostrar menos
Image credit: From Wikimedia Commons
Séries
Obras de Arthur Schopenhauer
On the fourfold root of the principle of sufficient reason, and On the will in nature (1891) 40 cópias
Schopenhauer: 'The World as Will and Representation': Volume 1 (The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Schopenhauer) (1692) 35 cópias
Schopenhauer: Parerga and Paralipomena : Volume 2: Short Philosophical Essays (The Cambridge Edition of the Works of… (2015) 31 cópias
Schopenhauer: Parerga and Paralipomena: Volume 1: Short Philosophical Essays (The Cambridge Edition of the Works of… (2014) 31 cópias
Schopenhauer: On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason and Other Writings (The Cambridge Edition of… (2012) 22 cópias
Essays of Arthur Schopenhauer: Selected and translated by T. Bailey Saunders (New home library) (1897) 20 cópias
Art d'avoir toujours raison, L' : Suivi de La lecture et les livres et Penseurs personnels (2016) 18 cópias
Sämtliche Werke: Parerga und Paralipomena II. Kleine philosophische Schriften.: Parerga Und Paralipomena 2: Bd 5 (1986) 14 cópias
Schopenhauer: The World as Will and Representation (The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Schopenhauer) (1956) 14 cópias
Delphi Collected Works of Arthur Schopenhauer (Illustrated) (Delphi Series Eight Book 12) (2017) 13 cópias
Zürcher Ausgabe Werke in 10 Bänden. Band 10. Parerga und Paralipomena II/2: Kleinere philosophische Schriften (2007) 11 cópias
O mundo como vontade e representação (III parte) ; Crítica da filosofia kantiana ; Parerga e Paralipomena… (1991) 11 cópias
Parerga und Paralipomena; Bd. 2, Teilbd. 1 Vereinzelte, jedoch systematisch geordnete Gedanken ueber vielerlei… (1977) 11 cópias
Sobre la visión y los colores : seguido de la correspondencia con Johann Wolfgang Goethe (2013) 10 cópias
2 Bande. Hauptwerke Band I: Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung. Band II: Zur Erkenntnistheorie, Ethik, Logik und… (2000) 8 cópias
The Works of Arthur Schopenhauer 8 cópias
Manuscript Remains, Volume I: Early Manuscripts (184-1818) (Manuscript Remains, Vol 1) (1988) 7 cópias
Respuestas Filosoficas: a la Etica, a la Ciencia y a la Religion (Biblioteca Edaf) (Spanish Edition) (1996) 7 cópias
The Collected Works of Arthur Schopenhauer: The Complete Works PergamonMedia (Highlights of World Literature) (2015) 6 cópias
Os Pensadores: Schopenhauer 6 cópias
On the fourfold root of the principle of sufficient reason On vision and colours ; On will in nature (2012) 5 cópias
Sämtliche Werke: Parerga und Paralipomena I. Kleine philosophische Schriften.: Parerga Und Paralipomena 1: Bd 4 (1986) 5 cópias
Schopenhauer: Hauptwerke: Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung (vollständige Ausgabe), Die Kunst Recht zu behalten,… (2014) 5 cópias
Schopenhauer's Briefe an Becker, Frauenstädt, v. Doss, Lindner und Asher : sowie andere, bisher nicht gesammelte… (1894) 4 cópias
Le Monde comme volonté et comme représentation : Chapitres 41 et 44 des Suppléments : Sur la mort… (2002) 4 cópias
Come pensare da se 4 cópias
Alrededor de la filosofía 4 cópias
ARTI I TE JETUARIT — Autor — 4 cópias
Zürcher Ausgabe: Werke in zehn Bänden (10 Bände) Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung / Über die… (1977) 4 cópias
L'amore 3 cópias
Manuscript Remains, Volume IV: The Manuscript Books of 1830-1852 and Last Manuscripts (1988) 3 cópias
Estuche - A. Schopenhauer: El arte de tener razón - El arte de hacerse respetar - El arte de insultar - El arte… (2008) 3 cópias
Conversaciones con Arthur Schopenhauer: Testimonios sobre la vida y obra del filósofo pesimista (El Acantilado)… (2016) 3 cópias
Maailm kui tahe ja kujutlus. Neli raamatut ning Kanti filosoofia kriitikat sisaldav lisa. I köide-II köide (2018) 3 cópias
The Art of Being Right (annotated): The perfect guide to spotting bullshit, avoiding cheap tricks and winning arguments (2019) 3 cópias
Crítica de la filosofía kantiana : apéndice a "El mundo como voluntad y representación" (2000) 3 cópias
Bd. 4. Kleinere Schriften 3 cópias
Epistolario de Weimar : selección de cartas de Johanna, Arthur Schopenhauer y Goethe (1999) 3 cópias
Schopenhauer's solace : tips on surviving in the twenty first century, from a nineteenth century philosopher (2000) 3 cópias
Briefe, Aufzeichnungen, Gespräche 3 cópias
Sobre a Filosofia e Seu Metodo 3 cópias
Samtliche Werk, Book 4 3 cópias
Pensées & Fragments 3 cópias
La sabiduría de la vida ; En torno a la filosofía ; El amor, las mujeres, la muerte y otros temas (1851) 3 cópias
Levenswijsheid 3 cópias
Der handschriftliche Nachlaß in 5 Bänden - Vollständige Ausgabe in 6 Teilbänden: 6 Teile in 5 Bänden (1985) 3 cópias
Over lezen en zelf-denken 3 cópias
Como vencer um debate sem precisar ter razão, em 38 estratagemas: dialética erística (Portuguese Edition) (2019) 2 cópias
Schopenhauers sämtliche Werke in 8 Bänden (4 Doppelbände). Bd.1. u. 2. Schriften zur Erkenntnislehre. Die Welt als… (1987) 2 cópias
Philosophy of Schopenhauer 2 cópias
Maailm kui tahe ja kujutlus. mis sisaldab täiendusi esimese köite neljale raamatule / II köide (2018) 2 cópias
Los designios del Destino: Dos opúsculos de " Parerga y Paralipómena " (Clásicos - Clásicos… (1994) 2 cópias
KESHILLA PER JETEN 2 cópias
Sämtliche Werke in 7 Bänden 2 cópias
BOTA SI VULLNET DHE PERFAQESIM 2 cópias
Diarios de viaje: Los Diarios de viaje de los años 1800 y 1803-1804 (La Dicha de Enmudecer) (Spanish Edition) (2012) 2 cópias
Como ganhar uma discussão (mesmo sem ter razão). 38 estratégias para vencer qualquer debate 2 cópias
Eudemonologia 2 cópias
Arthur Schopenhauer, Gesammelte Werke: Gebunden in feingeprägter Leinenstruktur auf Naturpapier aus Bayern. Mit… (2020) 2 cópias
Philosophische Aphorismen. Aus dem handschriftlichen Nachlass gesammelt sowie als Grundriss seiner Weltanschauung… (1924) 2 cópias
Schopenhauer's udødelige tanker 2 cópias
Werke in 5 Bänden 2 cópias
Sämtliche Werke Bd. 7 Über die vierfache Wurzel des Satzes vom zureichenden Grunde (Dissertation 1813),… (1972) 2 cópias
L'amour sexuel : sa métaphysique : Suivi de L'amour selon les philosophes par G. Danville (2008) 2 cópias
Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung, Band 1: Vollständige Originalausgabe, erster Band (German Edition) (2015) 2 cópias
Sämtliche Werke. Komplett in 5 Bänden. - Inhalt: Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung ( Bände I und II ) /… (1920) 2 cópias
Eudemonologia 2 cópias
Sämmtliche Werke in fünf Bänden. Erster u. zweiter Band(: Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung I. II.… 2 cópias
Manuscript Remains; In Four Volumes 1 exemplar(es)
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On Reading and Books 1 exemplar(es)
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Associated Works
Philosophies of Art and Beauty: Selected Readings in Aesthetics from Plato to Heidegger (1976) — Contribuinte — 348 cópias
Etiquetado
Conhecimento Comum
- Nome padrão
- Schopenhauer, Arthur
- Data de nascimento
- 1788-02-22 (Danzig)
- Data de falecimento
- 1860-09-21 (Frankfurt am Main)
- Local de enterro
- 1860-09-26 | Hauptfriedhof | Frankfurt am Main
- Sexo
- male
- Nacionalidade
- Duitsland
- Local de nascimento
- Danzig, Kingdom of Poland
- Local de falecimento
- Frankfurt am Main, German Confederation
- Causa da morte
- pulmonary-respiratory failure
- Locais de residência
- Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Danzig, Germany (now: Poland)
Hamburg, Germany
Weimar, Germany
Dresden, Germany
Berlin, Germany - Educação
- University of Göttingen, Germany (philosophy, psychology)
- Ocupação
- filosoof
- Relacionamentos
- Schopenhauer, Johanna (mother)
- Organizações
- Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft (Senckenberg Nature Research Society)
- Pequena biografia
- At Schopenhauer har hatt mye å si for vitenskapen eller fagfilosofien er derimot en overdrivelse. Tre store filosofer har mottatt avgjørende impulser av ham : Friedrich Nietzsche, Henri Bergson og Ludwig Wittgenstein, ellers har fagfilosofer stort sett ignorert ham. Men forfattere og kunstnere (og en psykolog) har hele tiden funnet veien til hans verker. Samuel Beckett, Jorge Luis Borges, August Strindberg, Richard Wagner, Thomas Mann, Italo Svevo, Leo Tolstoj, Marcel Proust, Sigmund Freud: alle disse og mange andre kunstnere har lest Schopenhauer og blitt fengslet av hans pessimisme, hans opphøyning av kunst (og særlig musikk) i sitt filosofiske system, hans misogyni, hans prosa som mange har betegnet som noe av den tyske kulturhistoriens fineste. "Talent hits a target no one else can hit; genius hits a target no one else can see." -- Arthur Schopenhauer
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