This book surveys and evaluates Indian revolts in northern New Spain during the years 1680-1786 in terms of specific Indian revolts, Spanish Indian policy over time, and relations between Spaniards, mestizo frontiersmen, and Indians. In this study, northern New Spain refers to what is now the Mexican North and the southwestern United States. This northern frontier came to encompass the provinces of Nueva Vizcaya, New Mexico, Sonora, Coahuila, Texas, Sinaloa, and the two Californias. This territory eventually became a separate, distinct administrative unit of colonial Spanish America. Contents: Settlement of Northern New Spain; Times of Trouble: Rise of the Tepehuan and Tarahumara Barrier; The Pueblo and Tarahumara Revolts; Missionaries and Bureaucrats: A Chaotic Arrangement; Frontier Warfare: A Legacy of Revolt 1724-1754; The Reorganization of Presidio Defenses; Creation of the Commandancy General and the Yuma Bid for Freedom, 1776-1782; Seri, Tarahumara, and Gileno Resist Military Defense on the Northern Frontier.