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The Matter of Facts: Skepticism, Persuasion, and Evidence in Science (2020)

de Gareth Leng, Rhodri Ivor Leng

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How biases, the desire for a good narrative, reliance on citation metrics, and other problems undermine confidence in modern science. Modern science is built on experimental evidence, yet scientists are often very selective in deciding what evidence to use and tend to disagree about how to interpret it. In The Matter of Facts, Gareth and Rhodri Leng explore how scientists produce and use evidence. They do so to contextualize an array of problems confronting modern science that have raised concerns about its reliability: the widespread use of inappropriate statistical tests, a shortage of replication studies, and a bias in both publishing and citing "positive" results. Before these problems can be addressed meaningfully, the authors argue, we must understand what makes science work and what leads it astray. The myth of science is that scientists constantly challenge their own thinking. But in reality, all scientists are in the business of persuading other scientists of the importance of their own ideas, and they do so by combining reason with rhetoric. Often, they look for evidence that will support their ideas, not for evidence that might contradict them; often, they present evidence in a way that makes it appear to be supportive; and often, they ignore inconvenient evidence. In a series of essays focusing on controversies, disputes, and discoveries, the authors vividly portray science as a human activity, driven by passion as well as by reason. By analyzing the fluidity of scientific concepts and the dynamic and unpredictable development of scientific fields, the authors paint a picture of modern science and the pressures it faces.… (mais)
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This book does an incredible job at exposing the flaws in seemingly "objective" work. My brain kind of spun into a black hole while reading about how papers overwhelmingly report positive results... I wondered about the critiques of those works, and if any did not find this result, and if that was the same as a liar saying that they never tell the truth. One case about a scientist sending fake papers to open access journals to see how many would be accepted did not report on how many fake papers were accepted by non-open access journals (no control group). But other than one or two flaws in methodology that somebody as removed from research as I am can pick up, I thought the book rigorous and at least aware of its biases, if not totally removed from them.

I wish the book focused on physical science research more than biological research. It's easy for me to think that my field is more close to the truth because it's not up to interpretation as much as medical sciences... but I'm sure somebody could shine an exposing light on the field.

It's been years since I've published a paper, 10 to be precise, and I fell out of the research industrial complex due to many of the reasons set forth in this book. I was never going to be a professor at an R1 school, and washed out of the national lab system due to an emotionally abusive supervisor and growing distaste at receiving no mentorship and somehow being able to spring forth "high impact papers" fully formed from my forehead. Hopefully the next generation of scientists will have it better, and also be a little more careful in how they present their results to the world. ( )
  lemontwist | Jun 8, 2022 |
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How biases, the desire for a good narrative, reliance on citation metrics, and other problems undermine confidence in modern science. Modern science is built on experimental evidence, yet scientists are often very selective in deciding what evidence to use and tend to disagree about how to interpret it. In The Matter of Facts, Gareth and Rhodri Leng explore how scientists produce and use evidence. They do so to contextualize an array of problems confronting modern science that have raised concerns about its reliability: the widespread use of inappropriate statistical tests, a shortage of replication studies, and a bias in both publishing and citing "positive" results. Before these problems can be addressed meaningfully, the authors argue, we must understand what makes science work and what leads it astray. The myth of science is that scientists constantly challenge their own thinking. But in reality, all scientists are in the business of persuading other scientists of the importance of their own ideas, and they do so by combining reason with rhetoric. Often, they look for evidence that will support their ideas, not for evidence that might contradict them; often, they present evidence in a way that makes it appear to be supportive; and often, they ignore inconvenient evidence. In a series of essays focusing on controversies, disputes, and discoveries, the authors vividly portray science as a human activity, driven by passion as well as by reason. By analyzing the fluidity of scientific concepts and the dynamic and unpredictable development of scientific fields, the authors paint a picture of modern science and the pressures it faces.

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