The Indigenous estates makes up 20 per cent of the Australian land mass, covering vast areas of relatively intact land containing some of the highest conservation priority lands in Australia. Using a number of maps, Jon Altman, Geoff Buchanan and Libby Larsen explore the geography of the Indigenous estate, its environmental significance, and some of the innovative approaches adopted by Indigenous landholders to protect the natural and cultural values of their land. Also available from CAEPR website at www.anu.edu.au/caepr