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Vakhmistrov's Circus: Zveno Combined Aircraft - The Projects, Development, Testing and Combat

de Mikhail Maslov

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The purpose of this publication is to provide readers with most complete history of combined aircraft designs created by Vladimir Vakhmistrov. The designer himself referred to his projects as 'Zveno Aircraft' (where the Russian word 'Zveno' stands for 'Chain link' or 'Flight' combat unit), adding the names of aircraft which were included in each configuration. Vakhmistrov was among the world's pioneers in devising and implementing the attachment of small fighters under heavy bombers. The larger aircraft were thus able to carry the smaller ones to the target area, whereas the fighters, in their turn, after the separation from their 'motherships', acted as guards for the slow-speed giants. During the period from 1931 thru 1941, several configurations of this concept were created involving mass-produced TB-1 and TB-3 bombers, and I-4, I-5, I-Zet, and I-16 fighters, which were modified correspondingly in order to fit the task. Basing on Vakhmistrov's projects there were carried out the first in the world air connections of fighters under their bomber carriers. The most successful variant among all the created Zveno aircraft consisted of a four-engined Tupolev TB-3 bomber and two Polikarpov I-16 fighters attached under the bomber's wing. The fighters carried two 250-kg bombs each and acted as a high-speed dive bombers after disconnection from the carrier plane. Several such aircraft, referred to as Zveno-SPB, were used operationally during the war by the Black Sea Fleet Air Force. Initially, three TB-3s with AM-34RN engines were allocated for re-equipment into Zveno-SPB which were taken into service by the 2nd Special Squadron of the 32nd Fighter Regiment, 62nd Aviation Brigade of the Black Sea Fleet Air Force stationed in Eupatoria. The order to begin combat application of the 32nd Regiment's combined aircraft was given on 22 July 1941, while the first air raid on port structures in Romania, the German ally, was made on 26 July. More than thirty combat missions were carried out till October 1941, and became one of the most successful operations of the Soviet aviation during the Great Patriotic War. Meanwhile, Vakhmistrov had a large number of other interesting projects and many of them remained on the designer's drawing board. More than 20 years were spent by the author on the historical research of the subject in the Russian archives. The book is extensively illustrated by the pictures from the author's archive, aircraft test reports, as well as specially prepared scale drawings and color side views.… (mais)
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Authoritarian countries sometimes put a lot of money into projects that don’t make a lot of sense, often because a leader figure has been persuaded. The Soviet Union’s Zveno aircraft project nibbled around the edges of a good idea. Aircraft engineer Vladimir Vakhmistrov, whose previous experience was designing gliders, persuaded the Red Air Force to build and test Zveno (combined) aircraft, with a bomber carrying one or more fighters. Starting with the TB-1 twin engine bomber and two I-4 fighters mounted above the wings, the project eventually worked its way up to a TB-3 four engine heavy bomber with up to five fighter aircraft (two above the wings, two below the wings, and one that would dock to the fuselage underside in midair). The project survived the liquidation of one of its sponsors, Marshall Tukhachevsky, during the 1930s purges, but not the build up to war in 1940 and it was terminated to switch resources to the development of aircraft expected to be more useful. However, a number of Zveno aircraft had been built and when Barbarossa took off it was decided they might as well be used. The final version was a TB-3 with two I-16s under the wings; each I-16 carried two 250kg bombs and was set up as a dive bomber. The idea was the combined aircraft would fly until it was almost within interception range, release the fighters to continue to the target and bomb, and both the mothership and fighters flew back to base independently. The aircraft flew out of Odessa and had some success against targets in Rumania, notably destroying an important bridge over the Danube in a dive-bombing attack. However, as the Germans pressed and the situation became more desperate the Zvenos were thrown into less than optimum situations; the TB-3 was an ungainly and obsolete aircraft on its own and hanging a couple of fighters from it didn’t help its performance any. There don’t seem to be very good records of the fates of the final Zveno units.

Author Mikhail Maslov is an aviation engineer with an interest in aviation history and historic aircraft restoration. No translator is credited, but Maslov’s English is excellent; although not perfectly idiomatic there’s nowhere where it isn’t clear. The book has numerous photographs and line drawings, and nicely done color plates on the front and back covers. There are footnotes, but no bibliography or index. Pricey even from a remainder house but worth it for a thorough description of an interesting historical aircraft. ( )
3 vote setnahkt | Dec 2, 2020 |
Nicely Illustrated, Excellent Monograph For This Price Point

Mr. Maslov has produced an excellent book at this price point. It's nicely illustrated and has good amount of text describing the men involved, technical difficulties, development, and use. The pages devoted to technical development were quite satisfying with adequate numbers of illustrations/photographs covering the unique equipment used to mate the aircraft along with illustrations of proposed parasite aircraft. Some of the Helion books covering some aspect or another of Soviet aviation have suffered from poor reproduction of photo's/drawings, etc., I can happily say this monograph does not. The photographs and drawings are of sufficient quality to allow direct visual comparison with the contemporary equipment used to recover the F9C Sparrowhawk onboard the USS Akron and USS Macon. At 144 pages it's a great introduction to Soviet composite aircraft.
One minor caveat; if you're looking for in-depth technical descriptions of the aircraft involved like the TB-3, they're not there.
Overall, highly recommended for those with an interest in composite aircraft or pre-war Soviet aviation.
One person found this helpful ( )
  jetcal1 | Apr 21, 2019 |
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The purpose of this publication is to provide readers with most complete history of combined aircraft designs created by Vladimir Vakhmistrov. The designer himself referred to his projects as 'Zveno Aircraft' (where the Russian word 'Zveno' stands for 'Chain link' or 'Flight' combat unit), adding the names of aircraft which were included in each configuration. Vakhmistrov was among the world's pioneers in devising and implementing the attachment of small fighters under heavy bombers. The larger aircraft were thus able to carry the smaller ones to the target area, whereas the fighters, in their turn, after the separation from their 'motherships', acted as guards for the slow-speed giants. During the period from 1931 thru 1941, several configurations of this concept were created involving mass-produced TB-1 and TB-3 bombers, and I-4, I-5, I-Zet, and I-16 fighters, which were modified correspondingly in order to fit the task. Basing on Vakhmistrov's projects there were carried out the first in the world air connections of fighters under their bomber carriers. The most successful variant among all the created Zveno aircraft consisted of a four-engined Tupolev TB-3 bomber and two Polikarpov I-16 fighters attached under the bomber's wing. The fighters carried two 250-kg bombs each and acted as a high-speed dive bombers after disconnection from the carrier plane. Several such aircraft, referred to as Zveno-SPB, were used operationally during the war by the Black Sea Fleet Air Force. Initially, three TB-3s with AM-34RN engines were allocated for re-equipment into Zveno-SPB which were taken into service by the 2nd Special Squadron of the 32nd Fighter Regiment, 62nd Aviation Brigade of the Black Sea Fleet Air Force stationed in Eupatoria. The order to begin combat application of the 32nd Regiment's combined aircraft was given on 22 July 1941, while the first air raid on port structures in Romania, the German ally, was made on 26 July. More than thirty combat missions were carried out till October 1941, and became one of the most successful operations of the Soviet aviation during the Great Patriotic War. Meanwhile, Vakhmistrov had a large number of other interesting projects and many of them remained on the designer's drawing board. More than 20 years were spent by the author on the historical research of the subject in the Russian archives. The book is extensively illustrated by the pictures from the author's archive, aircraft test reports, as well as specially prepared scale drawings and color side views.

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