Massimo Pallottino (1909–1995)

This book presents a readable summary of what was known about the Etruscans at the time of its writing. They were present between around 900 and 100 BC in Italy, mainly in Tuscany and surrounding regions. They had a large influence on the development of the Roman Empire, which later absorbed and grew upon many of the defining Etruscan characteristics.
The author is an expert on Etruscan language, which is only partially understood, as he is careful to explain here. This is in part due to the relative scarcity of samples of text, the vast majority of which are funerary inscriptions on tombs. The most important surviving text comes from a linen book, indeed the only surviving linen book known from any culture. This book was taken apart and used to wrap up a mummy, now known as the Zagreb mummy, which was discovered in Egypt and taken to Croatia in 1848. Miraculously the text on the wrappings was well preserved, and much of the writing has now been understood as an Etruscan religious text.
The origins of the Etruscan people are also shrouded in some mystery, being one of the few historical European peoples who do not use an Indo-European language. There are various theories of differing likelihood, but it is possible that that the Etruscans descended mainly from a native Italian Iron Age people known as the Villanovans, but adopted a language brought by settlers coming from somewhere in the Near East. The language with greatest known similarity to Etruscan comes from the Greek Island of Lemnos, where it was spoken up to the 6th Century BC, before it was conquered.
In terms of Art, the Etruscans are well known for a few masterpieces in bronze (the Chimera), and terracotta, as well as for their wall paintings which are the only ones present from any culture of this time in such high quality, state of preservation, and number. These contribute much to the knowledge we have of how they lived – what they wore, their religious and secular festivals, and their belief in the afterlife. Some of these are reproduced, albeit in black and white, in this book’s illustrations, alongside many of their other artefacts including sculptures, tombs, and jewellery. Their general style is predominantly archaic Greek, with little to differentiate much of it as identifiably Etruscan other than minor details. Some exceptions include the tombs that are modelled inside like houses, which are unusual in the quality and detail of the modeled household objects with which they provided for their deceased.
Tuscany was fortunate in having some of the biggest deposits of metal in the Mediterranean, including copper and iron, and this supported the Etruscan economy and their development compared to neighbouring regions. They traded extensively, coming into conflict with other Mediterranean sea powers including Greece, before declining at the hands of Rome on land.
In all this is a detailed and generally readable introduction to the Etruscans. If anything it makes known how much is yet to find out about them, with many potential archaeological sites yet to excavate, and possibly texts to discover and translate. This book is likely to be of interest to those wanting to know more about world history, European civilisation, and Italy.… (mais)

Pallottino schreef in 1984 deze erg genietbare geschiedenis van de Italiaanse laars voor de Romeinse overheersing ervan. Hij kadert de aanvankelijke geschiedschrijving op dit vlak binnen negentiende eeuwse romantisch-nationalistische ideologieën met hun voorkeur voor etnische eenheden en ontwikkeling en hoe dit leidde tot de vorming van twee historische 'blokken', de Griekse geschiedenis en de Romeinse geschiedenis. "De discussie veranderde ingrijpend toen tussen de ideeën van het Italische pluralisme en de Romeinse eenheid een scherpe scheidslijn werd getrokken, die chronologisch en inhoudelijk het bestaan van twee 'aparte' geschiedenissen veronderstelde." (p. 23) Recente onderzoeken vertonen een tendens om de verspreide feiten en gegevens over Groot-Griekenland, Rome, Etrurië, enz. in samenhang te onderzoeken en zo mogelijk te combineren. Pallottini schreef zijn boek duidelijk vanuit de eis om tot "een nieuwe benadering te komen die zich niet allleen afzet tegen de exclusieve Romeins-gerichte benadering, maar ook tegen de historische zienswijze die laveert tussen de twee polen Italië en Rome waarbij Italië zou zijn voorbestemd om een eenheid te worden onder het gezan van Rome". (p. 28) Pallottini belicht zodoende de wederwaardigheden van verschillende volkeren (Umbriërs, Liguriërs, Sabijnen, Samnieten, Lucaniërs, Latijnen, Etrusken en nog vele andere) en steden (vooral die van Magna Graecia) doorheen de eerste vijf eeuwen voor het begin van onze jaartelling. Het doet dat met veel kennis van zaken, met een objectieve blik en met respect voor alle spelers op de historische kaarten. Zijn boek is nog steeds een welkome aanvulling op alle boeken die je ook tegenwoordig nog in de boekhandel onder de hoofding Oudheid ziet staan.… (mais)