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Joseph Butler (1692–1752)

Autor(a) de The Analogy of Religion

26+ Works 398 Membros 5 Reviews

About the Author

Born at Wautage, Berkshire, England, of a Presbyterian family, Joseph Butler converted to the Church of England sometime before entering Oriel College, Oxford University. He was ordained a priest in 1718, later serving as Bishop of Bristol and then as Bishop of Durham. Butler's contributions to mostrar mais philosophy lie in his moral philosophy and moral psychology, set forth in his Sermons (1726) and in his natural theology, expressed in The Analogy of Religion (1736). Butler presented his moral philosophy in a religious context. Yet, his moral philosophy seeks to find a foundation for morality not in the divine will but in human nature, in the interplay of self-love and benevolence, and in reflection or conscience-a faculty superior to particular affections. In moral philosophy Butler is well known for his acute criticisms of the psychological egoism of Hobbes and Mandeville and in natural theology for his defense of revealed religion against the English deists. In an appendix to the Analogy, he presented an influential critique of John Locke's theory of personal identity. Butler died in 1752. (Bowker Author Biography) mostrar menos

Séries

Obras de Joseph Butler

The Analogy of Religion (1736) 135 cópias
Five Sermons (1950) 125 cópias
The Works of Bishop Butler (2006) 6 cópias
Sermons (2013) 1 exemplar(es)

Associated Works

Eighteenth-Century English Literature (1969) — Autor — 187 cópias
Western Philosophy: An Anthology (1996) — Autor, algumas edições185 cópias
British Moralists 1650-1800, Vol. 1 Hobbes-Gay (1969) — Contribuinte — 19 cópias

Etiquetado

Conhecimento Comum

Membros

Discussions

Joseph Butler em Philosophy and Theory (Março 2008)

Resenhas

Vol. 1

Imagine the pleasure of finding Voltaire, Samuel Johnson, Rousseau and Gibbon between one set of covers! Each author is prefaced by a couple of paragraphs explaining the significance of the piece and then, they are given free rein.

If there is any man brave enough to give this collection of the World's great thinkers less than five stars, its not I! Superb reading of people just beginning to exercise their new found right to question everything.
2 vote
Marcado
the.ken.petersen | Mar 18, 2010 |
The Sermons represent an important milestone in the development of ethics and apologetics (moral thought). But their very dated language and lack of style (even by eighteenth century standards) certainly removes them from light reading.

These sermons were originally published in 1726, and were historically recognized as powerful statements of the requirements of moral behavior. A short work, they were frequently republished, often with other selections from Butler’s works. Butler himself selected and edited them, adding an introduction and a few rather involved footnotes.

The power of the work is that it delivers an argument for morality largely based on reason and logic. Its weakness is in its stilted style and the complexity of that reasoning. While all the sermons are filled with scriptural references only two of them (13 and14 addressing Piety or love of God) actually require faith. The first three address human nature and the definition of conscience. The rest are addressed at various virtues or behaviors, and the reasoning in them provides a system or method of ethics.
At the time these were delivered, Butler had two roles: he was rector of Stanhope (a sinecure which provided him a living) and the chaplain at the Chancellery. The Rolls chapel was actually within the facilities of the ‘Master of the Rolls’, the rolls being the records of the Chancellery Court. This partly accounts for the complexity of some of the reasoning, since his audience was the lawyers working for or arguing before the courts in the surrounding complex known as the ‘Inns of Chancellery’.
This work, along with his “Analogy of Religion…” (1736) were also important as a refutation of the philosophy of ‘ethical egoism’ largely championed by Thomas Hobbes.

Butler went on to an illustrious career as an Anglican Devine, serving as chaplain to Queen Caroline (wife of George II) and Bishop of Bristol and later of Durham. He served in the House of Lords, and is recognized as a saint in the Anglican Church. The power of his apologetic methods and reasoning is still represented in such modern authors as C.S. Lewis.
… (mais)
1 vote
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ServusLibri | 1 outra resenha | Jul 23, 2008 |
“There are two ways in which the subject of morals may be treated. One begins from inquiring into the abstract relation of things; the other from a matter of fact, namely, what the particular nature of man is…..’

Dat Joseph Butler, denker en anglicaans bisschop, stevig verankerd in de Britse, empirisch traditie, voor de tweede optie kiest, is geen verrassing. Geen hoogdravende abstracties, maar niets dan feiten als basis voor een ‘moral philosophy of man’. Toch is zijn betoog in eerste instantie niet tegen de rationalistische denkers gericht, maar tegen iemand uit zijn eigen school van filosoferen, namelijk Thomas Hobbes. Die had een mechanistisch wereldbeeld geponeerd, waarin het handelen van mensen wordt gedreven door positieve en negatieve prikkels (verlangens en afkeren) en niet door één of andere ethische motivatie. De begrippen goed en kwaad zijn conventies, en eigenbelang is de enige, echte drijfveer van menselijk gedrag. Aldus Hobbes.

Butler wil de ethiek redden, zonder een beroep te doen op een extern gezag (de christelijke openbaring bijvoorbeeld). Door een beschrijving te geven van hoe wij in elkaar zitten (human nature) en wat onze daden motiveert, probeert hij te laten zien dat ethisch handelen de essentie is van wie wij zijn. Zoals een oog gemaakt is om te zien, zo is onze geest gemaakt om goed en kwaad te onderscheiden en zich te plooien naar de geboden van ons geweten. Moreel handelen is niets anders dan handelen volgens onze natuur, en immoreel handelen derhalve onnatuurlijk. Of hij daarin slaagt is discutabel, maar onderweg is veel moois en zinnigs te rapen. Een paar hoogtepunten:

-Zijn aanval op het hedonisme en iedere vorm van psychologie die het menselijk gedrag probeert te reduceren tot een simpele motivatie als het verlangen naar genot of het eigen geluk. Genot of geluk is niet het doel van onze verlangens en behoeften, zegt Butler, maar kan het resultaat zijn van de bevrediging ervan. De verlangens zelf zijn gericht op buiten ons liggende doelen (external objects). Als dat niet zo was, dan zou bijvoorbeeld een glas wijn moeiteloos kunnen worden vervangen door iets anders wat ons plezier geeft (een boek, een film: vul maar in). Maar nee, het is de wijn die we willen en de wijn alleen.

-Het begrip ‘conscience’. Ons gedrag wordt, net als dat van de dieren, gedreven door vele verschillende impulsen: verlangens, afkeren, instincten etcetera. Maar in tegenstelling tot dieren oordelen wij ook over onze eigen daden en keuren ze goed of af. Dat gebeurt door ons geweten, dat de eigenlijke generator is van moreel handelen, en niet van buiten af opgelegde wetten of de angst voor straf. ‘Every man is a law to himself’, schrijft Butler. Het geweten is onze interne wetgever maar ook het motief tot gehoorzaamheid daaraan. Het heeft, met andere woorden zowel kracht als gezag (power and authority). Het zegt ons wat goed is en motiveert ons tegelijkertijd om dat te doen. Het kwaad daarentegen (of ‘vice’) is geen drijvende kracht, maar komt voort uit ongecontroleerde verlangens die wij ten koste van alles willen bevredigen. In zijn eigen woorden: “there is no such thing as love of injustice, oppression, treachery, ingratitude, but only eager desires after such and such external goods, which, according to a very ancient observation, the most abandoned would choose to obtain by innocent means if they were as easy and effectual to their end .’

-De zogenaamde ‘paradox of egoism’. Butler komt met de interessante bemerking dat zelfs als het belangrijkste doel in het leven ons eigen geluk is, daaruit niet volgt dat we ons altijd, of zelfs maar normaal gesproken, moeten concentreren op onze eigen belangen en hij komt na een aantal rake psychologische observaties tot de conclusie: “how much soever a paradox it may appear, it is certainly true that even from self-love we should endeavor to get over all inordinate regard to and consideration of ourselves.’ En verder: ‘Happiness or satisfaction consists only in the enjoyment of those objects which are by nature suited to our several particular appetites, passions and affections. So that if self-love wholly engrosses us, and leaves no room for any other principle, there can be absolutely no such thing at all as happiness, or enjoyment of any kind whatever, since happiness consists in the gratification of particular passions, which supposes the having of them.’

Het is even wennen aan het meanderende, achttiende eeuwse proza, maar daarvoor krijg je ook iets terug. Boeiende overpeinzingen over psychologie en ethiek, waarin de kiemen van wat Hume en Kant later over hetzelfde onderwerp op papier hebben gezet al liggen besloten.
… (mais)
 
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BartGr. | 1 outra resenha | Mar 20, 2008 |
http://elvis.rowan.edu/~kilroy/JEK/06/16.html
http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/3150
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Butler

Sermons upon the following subjects. Upon Humane Nature. Upon the Government of the Tongue. Upon Compassion. Upon the Character of Balaam. Upon Resentment. Upon Forgiveness of Injuries. Upon Self-Deceit. Upon the Love of our Neighbour. Upon the Love of God. Upon the Ignorance of Man. Calf (spine professionally rebound) with blind stamping on boards. Very good.… (mais)
 
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CountryCache | 1 outra resenha | Jun 16, 2006 |

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Estatísticas

Obras
26
Also by
3
Membros
398
Popularidade
#60,946
Avaliação
3.8
Resenhas
5
ISBNs
48
Idiomas
2

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