Marc Bloch (1896–1944)
Autor(a) de The Historian's Craft
About the Author
Séries
Obras de Marc Bloch
Mélanges historiques (2 Vols) 2 cópias
Rois et serfs: Un chapitre d'histoire capetienne et autres ecrits sur le servage (Collection Histoire de… (1996) 2 cópias
La fine della comunità e la nascita dell'individualismo agrario nella Francia del 18. secolo (2017) 2 cópias
Melanges historiques. 2 1 exemplar(es)
Problemi d'Europa 1 exemplar(es)
Melanges historiques. 1 1 exemplar(es)
Schrift und Materie der Geschichte : Vorschla ge zur systematischen Aneignung historischer Prozesse (1977) 1 exemplar(es)
Orígenes del cristianismo y Edad Media. Tomo LIII: la sociedad feudal: las clases y el gobierno de los hombres 1 exemplar(es)
Orígenes del cristianismo y Edad Media. Tomo ?: la sociedad feudal: la formación de los vínculos de dependencia 1 exemplar(es)
una historia viva 1 exemplar(es)
Samanti Samaj 1 exemplar(es)
Samanti Samaj Vol 1 1 exemplar(es)
Associated Works
The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Volume 1: The Agrarian Life of the Middle Ages (1966) — Contribuinte — 30 cópias
Following Ho Chi Minh: The Memoirs of a North Vietnamese Colonel (1995) — Tradutor, algumas edições — 19 cópias
The fall of France, 1940: Causes and responsibilities (Problems in European civilization) (1965) — Contribuinte, algumas edições — 12 cópias
Etiquetado
Conhecimento Comum
- Nome de batismo
- Bloch, Marc Léopold Benjamin
- Data de nascimento
- 1896-07-06
- Data de falecimento
- 1944-06-16
- Local de enterro
- Cimetière communal du Bourg-d'Hem, Creuse, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France (1977)
- Sexo
- male
- Nacionalidade
- France
- País (para mapa)
- France
- Local de nascimento
- Lyon, Rhône, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
- Local de falecimento
- Saint-Didier-de-Formans, Ain, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
- Causa da morte
- Execution
- Locais de residência
- Lyon, Rhône, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
Strasbourg, Bas-Rhin, Grand-Est, France
Paris, Île -de-France, France
Montpellier, Hérault, Occitanie, France
Amiens, Somme, Hauts-de-France, France - Educação
- Ecole Normale Supérieure
Foundation Thiers
Lycée Louis-le-Grand - Ocupação
- Professor (History)
Historien (Middle Age)
French Résistance - Relacionamentos
- Febvre, Lucien (friend & colleague)
Bloch, Gustave (father)
Bloch, Étienne (son) - Organizações
- Annales d’Histoire Economique et Sociale
French Resistance
University of Strasbourg
Sorbonne
École des Annales
French Army - Premiações
- Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur
Croix de Guerre - Pequena biografia
- Marc Bloch was born to a French Jewish family in Lyon, the son of Gustave Bloch, professor of ancient history. He was raised in Paris and educated at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand, then graduated from the École Normale Supérieure. He acquired an exceptional proficiency in languages, literature, and the social and natural sciences along with a zest for critical inquiry and de-mythologization. He was deeply influenced by the manipulation of popular hysteria and anti-Semitism during the Dreyfus Affair. Bloch served bravely with the French Army in World War I, rising from sergeant to captain, winning four decorations including the Croix de Guerre, and was made Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur. After the war, he was awarded his doctorate and became a lecturer at the University of Strasbourg, where he taught from 1919 to 1936. During this time, he published two groundbreaking works of political and social history, Les Rois Thaumaturges: étude sur le caractère surnaturel attribué à la puissance royale, particulièrement en France et en Angleterre (The Royal Touch: Sacred Monarchy and Miracles in England and France, 1924) and Les Caractères originaux de l’histoire rurale française (French Rural History: An Essay on Its Basic Characteristics, 1931). In 1929, Bloch and his friend and colleague Lucien Febvre founded the Annales d’histoire économique et sociale, a journal dedicated to overcoming disciplinary and national/ideological boundaries and promoting a more human, accessible history. After a modest start in the tumultuous 1930s, the Annales achieved prominence and gave its name to an influential international school of historical research. In 1936, at the height of his career, Bloch was elected to the Sorbonne, where, on the eve of World War II, he completed his masterful two-volume synthesis, La Société féodale (Feudal Society, 1939). At age 53, and the father of six children, he then re-enlisted in the army and witnessed the fall of France in 1940 at the front lines. He wrote a searing critique of this military, political, and human debacle, L’Étrange Défaite: témoignage écrit en 1940 (Strange Defeat: A Statement of Evidence Written in 1940), which was published posthumously in 1946. After Nazi Germany occupied France, Bloch’s extraordinary services gained him an exemption from the Vichy government’s anti-Semitic legislation, which enabled him to teach for two more years in southern France and write his personal and scholarly creed, Apologie pour l’histoire; ou, métier d’historien (The Historian’s Craft), published posthumously in 1949. In 1943, he joined the French Resistance and became a leader as well as editor of the clandestine publication Cahiers politiques. Captured by the Vichy police in March 1944, he was tortured by the Gestapo and shot by a German firing squad. Bloch’s example inspired numerous young people to become scholar-activists, combining research and teaching with a commitment to the defense of intellectual and human freedom. J.H. Plumb called him the greatest historian of modern times.
Membros
Resenhas
Apologia della storia o mestiere di storico de Marc Bloch
900 BLO 1
I am writing this review on June 16, 2022, seventy-eight years to the day since Marc Bloch was executed by the Nazis following his capture and torture while serving in the French Resistance. He was twenty days shy of his fifty-eighth birthday. By trade Bloch was a scholar, a distinguished medieval historian who was a student of the great Henri Pirenne. Bloch had fought in World War I and remained on the reserve officer list although by 1939 his age certainly qualified him for an exemption from military call-up. Bloch declined that option and returned to active service at the outbreak of hostilities between France and Germany after the German invasion of Poland. At the age of 53 he left behind a wife and six children to answer the call to service.
The catastrophic collapse of the French army and the capitulation after barely one month of actual fighting inspired Bloch to write this testament to his experiences and the causes of France's humiliating defeat at the hands of his country's most bitter foe. I pulled this book from my shelves immediately after finishing Michael Dobbs' fictional account of the event of May-June 1940. The first chapter of Bloch's book, Presentation of the Witness, echoes the account described in Dobbs' fiction.
The second chapter, One of the Vanquished Gives Evidence, describes the "hardening of the arteries" within the French military establishment. There are the usual criticisms of a peace time military: preparing for war by assuming that a new war will be a repeat of the last war, bureaucratization of the officer ranks featuring a multitude of processes requiring a mountain of paperwork to accomplish any task, promotion based on seniority so that any new thinking or youthful initiative was suppressed, a serious failure in military training to prepare commanders for actual fighting. I found his most penetrating argument to be the failure of the French military leadership to take into account the new forms of mechanized and aerial warfare that rendered geographical distances either irrelevant or easier to cover more quickly than was the case from 1914-1918. The Germans, having been the losing team in 1918, made adjustments just as a coaching staff makes adjustments in personnel, strategy or tactics following poor results in an athletic contest. Bloch was not an advocate for the always take the offensive strategy, nor did he object to the need to fall back after the army was pushed out of Flanders. He argues, in fact, that the retreats were not only badly organized, but that they were retreating to locations too close to the front so that by the time they reached the designated place on the map, events, i.e,. the Germans had already overtaken them. The commanders needed to retreat far enough back so that a new line of defense could actually be organized.
In addition to all of the above criticisms Bloch is unsparing in his criticism of French army intelligence, staff officers and what we would today call logistics and communications. He argues that the kinds of incompetence and unfitness he witnessed were never punished and no one was ever transferred out or demoted. That said, I suspect that the French army wasn't much worse off in this regard than the British or American armies in 1939. Neither were ready for a fighting war and it took some time to get them up to speed. The French did not have the advantages of time and distance that even the British enjoyed, although both the French and British squandered precious time during the eight months of "Phony War" between September, 1939 and May, 1940.
In his third and final chapter, A Frenchman Examines His Conscience, Bloch takes on the most difficult task, attempting a sociological analysis for the dry rot that infected the French as a whole and accounts for their failure as a nation to prepare for and execute an effective resistance to an existential foe whose triumph represented an overthrow of all France claimed to represent and the end of European civilization. Again, Bloch is unsparing in his analysis. There are the usual suspects, mainly the French Right and the military leaders who flipped from being the avatars of hatred for the Hun to settling down nicely under the occupation and the Vichy regime. But there's more to it than that. You could make a very good case that the same elements existed in Britain and were ready to cut a deal with Hitler to preserve some semblance of British independence and its Empire in the wake of France's collapse. There were after all prominent appeasers in both countries' political establishments. And appeasement was very popular with the majority of the ordinary citizens in both countries. I would argue that what France lacked was a leader of the stuff of Churchill who summoned his people to resist the invader to the very end, even if that end meant the end of Great Britain. Also and obviously France was on the wrong side of the English Channel.
Bloch is in some ways most bitter against the bourgeoisie, defined by him as that class that makes a living without the use of its hands. He blames their avarice, narrowness of outlook, and predilection to look for ways to avoid their responsibilities to defend the nation. He is critical of the political Left as well, although as a moderate man of the Left, for some reason he looks back regretfully on the failure of the Popular Front for which he lays blame on the middle class for its failure to give it a chance to succeed. That said he calls out the Communists for their program of undermining the nation's preparedness unless and until it served the policy of the Soviet Union.
"Those who seek, at any costs, to explain away such mental acrobatics could not, probably, do better than point out that the views held by those at the other end of the political scale were no less illogical. To refuse military credits, and then, twenty-fours later, to call for 'guns for Spain'; to preach anti-patriotism, and then, in twelve months' time, to demand the formation of a 'French Front'; to shirk the obligations of military service, and to invite the masses to do the same-these inelegant zigzags mark only too clearly the curve traced before our wondering eyes by those who danced upon the tight-rope of Communism."
One of the ironies of this work is the unwavering spiritual and moral commitment to France and his belief in the French people while simultaneously criticizing the military, the politicians of all parties, the industrialists, the middle class, the factory workers, the secondary schools, the universities and the press. There is no doubt that France in 1940 was badly divided country lacking completely in a national esprit de corps. But in Marc Bloch, a Frenchman of Jewish extraction whose ancestors fought for France in 1793 and 1870, and who served in both world wars, and joined the resistance after surrender, France had a son who loved it unstintingly and serves as an outstanding example of the virtues of manliness that deserves gratitude and emulation by the generations whose freedom he fought for,… (mais)
The catastrophic collapse of the French army and the capitulation after barely one month of actual fighting inspired Bloch to write this testament to his experiences and the causes of France's humiliating defeat at the hands of his country's most bitter foe. I pulled this book from my shelves immediately after finishing Michael Dobbs' fictional account of the event of May-June 1940. The first chapter of Bloch's book, Presentation of the Witness, echoes the account described in Dobbs' fiction.
The second chapter, One of the Vanquished Gives Evidence, describes the "hardening of the arteries" within the French military establishment. There are the usual criticisms of a peace time military: preparing for war by assuming that a new war will be a repeat of the last war, bureaucratization of the officer ranks featuring a multitude of processes requiring a mountain of paperwork to accomplish any task, promotion based on seniority so that any new thinking or youthful initiative was suppressed, a serious failure in military training to prepare commanders for actual fighting. I found his most penetrating argument to be the failure of the French military leadership to take into account the new forms of mechanized and aerial warfare that rendered geographical distances either irrelevant or easier to cover more quickly than was the case from 1914-1918. The Germans, having been the losing team in 1918, made adjustments just as a coaching staff makes adjustments in personnel, strategy or tactics following poor results in an athletic contest. Bloch was not an advocate for the always take the offensive strategy, nor did he object to the need to fall back after the army was pushed out of Flanders. He argues, in fact, that the retreats were not only badly organized, but that they were retreating to locations too close to the front so that by the time they reached the designated place on the map, events, i.e,. the Germans had already overtaken them. The commanders needed to retreat far enough back so that a new line of defense could actually be organized.
In addition to all of the above criticisms Bloch is unsparing in his criticism of French army intelligence, staff officers and what we would today call logistics and communications. He argues that the kinds of incompetence and unfitness he witnessed were never punished and no one was ever transferred out or demoted. That said, I suspect that the French army wasn't much worse off in this regard than the British or American armies in 1939. Neither were ready for a fighting war and it took some time to get them up to speed. The French did not have the advantages of time and distance that even the British enjoyed, although both the French and British squandered precious time during the eight months of "Phony War" between September, 1939 and May, 1940.
In his third and final chapter, A Frenchman Examines His Conscience, Bloch takes on the most difficult task, attempting a sociological analysis for the dry rot that infected the French as a whole and accounts for their failure as a nation to prepare for and execute an effective resistance to an existential foe whose triumph represented an overthrow of all France claimed to represent and the end of European civilization. Again, Bloch is unsparing in his analysis. There are the usual suspects, mainly the French Right and the military leaders who flipped from being the avatars of hatred for the Hun to settling down nicely under the occupation and the Vichy regime. But there's more to it than that. You could make a very good case that the same elements existed in Britain and were ready to cut a deal with Hitler to preserve some semblance of British independence and its Empire in the wake of France's collapse. There were after all prominent appeasers in both countries' political establishments. And appeasement was very popular with the majority of the ordinary citizens in both countries. I would argue that what France lacked was a leader of the stuff of Churchill who summoned his people to resist the invader to the very end, even if that end meant the end of Great Britain. Also and obviously France was on the wrong side of the English Channel.
Bloch is in some ways most bitter against the bourgeoisie, defined by him as that class that makes a living without the use of its hands. He blames their avarice, narrowness of outlook, and predilection to look for ways to avoid their responsibilities to defend the nation. He is critical of the political Left as well, although as a moderate man of the Left, for some reason he looks back regretfully on the failure of the Popular Front for which he lays blame on the middle class for its failure to give it a chance to succeed. That said he calls out the Communists for their program of undermining the nation's preparedness unless and until it served the policy of the Soviet Union.
"Those who seek, at any costs, to explain away such mental acrobatics could not, probably, do better than point out that the views held by those at the other end of the political scale were no less illogical. To refuse military credits, and then, twenty-fours later, to call for 'guns for Spain'; to preach anti-patriotism, and then, in twelve months' time, to demand the formation of a 'French Front'; to shirk the obligations of military service, and to invite the masses to do the same-these inelegant zigzags mark only too clearly the curve traced before our wondering eyes by those who danced upon the tight-rope of Communism."
One of the ironies of this work is the unwavering spiritual and moral commitment to France and his belief in the French people while simultaneously criticizing the military, the politicians of all parties, the industrialists, the middle class, the factory workers, the secondary schools, the universities and the press. There is no doubt that France in 1940 was badly divided country lacking completely in a national esprit de corps. But in Marc Bloch, a Frenchman of Jewish extraction whose ancestors fought for France in 1793 and 1870, and who served in both world wars, and joined the resistance after surrender, France had a son who loved it unstintingly and serves as an outstanding example of the virtues of manliness that deserves gratitude and emulation by the generations whose freedom he fought for,… (mais)
> Babelio : https://www.babelio.com/livres/Bloch-Letrange-defaite-Temoignage-ecrit-en-1940/7...
> BAnQ (Halpérin J., La revue trimestrielle canadienne, 1949, Automne) : target="_top">https://collections.banq.qc.ca/ark:/52327/2580849
> Scribd : https://fr.scribd.com/book/445645359/L-etrange-defaite-Analyse-complete-de-l-oeu...
> Scribd : https://fr.scribd.com/book/453958744/L-etrange-Defaite
> Critiques Libres : https://critiqueslibres.com/i.php/vcrit/38689
> Les Echos (Edouard T., le 2 oct. 2013) : https://www-lesechos-fr.cdn.ampproject.org/c/s/www.lesechos.fr/amp/329151
> (Konopnicki G., le 19/06/2010)Marianne : https://www.marianne.net/societe/retour-sur-une-etrange-defaite
> L'OBS (Haski P., le 17 mai 2020) : https://www-nouvelobs-com.cdn.ampproject.org/c/s/www.nouvelobs.com/chroniques/20...
> Libération, (Bloch S., le 12 nov. 2012) : https://www-liberation-fr.cdn.ampproject.org/c/s/www.liberation.fr/france/2012/1...
> La vie des idées (Huret R., le 19 janvier 2009) : https://laviedesidees.fr/L-etrange-defaite-de-John-McCain.html
> Bouquineux : http://www.bouquineux.com/?telecharger=1512&Bloch-L_%C3%89trange_D%C3%A9fait...
> Le Monde (Weill N., le 02 août 2017) : https://www.lemonde.fr/livres/article/2017/08/02/l-etrange-defaite-a-signe-celle...
> Damamme Dominique. cas d'expertise, l'étrange défaite de Marc Bloch.
In: Sociétés contemporaines N°39, 2000. pp. 95-116. … ; (en ligne),
URL : https://www.persee.fr/doc/socco_1150-1944_2000_num_39_1_1804
> L'ÉTRANGE DÉFAITE, de Marc Bloch. — L'étrange défaite, écrit par Marc Bloch, est un livre d'histoire français bien connu qui a été publié pour la première fois en 1946 après la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Ce livre traite de la chute de la France en 1940 au cours des premiers stades de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Il est hautement considéré comme l'un des meilleurs livres jamais écrits sur l'histoire militaire française.
Marc Bloch, un vétéran français hautement décoré de la Première Guerre mondiale et historien bien connu, a été témoin de la chute soudaine et catastrophique de son pays lors de l'invasion nazie. Il a plus tard écrit ce livre comme son souvenir personnel de ses expériences pendant cette période.
Dans L'étrange défaite, Bloch analyse les différents facteurs qui ont conduit à la défaite de la France. Il met en évidence les problèmes qui existaient dans l'armée française, tels que les tactiques obsolètes et l'insuffisance des blindés. Il examine également les faiblesses de la société française qui ont contribué à la reddition du pays, telles que les divisions politiques et le manque de moral.
Bien que le livre traite de la défaite de la France pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Bloch regarde également en arrière dans l'histoire française pour identifier les problèmes culturels de longue date qui ont rendu le pays vulnérable à l'attaque nazie.
Dans l'ensemble, L'étrange défaite est un livre perspicace et stimulant qui est largement reconnu comme l'une des œuvres les plus importantes sur l'histoire militaire française et la Seconde Guerre mondiale.
—BooksAI… (mais)
> BAnQ (Halpérin J., La revue trimestrielle canadienne, 1949, Automne) : target="_top">https://collections.banq.qc.ca/ark:/52327/2580849
> Scribd : https://fr.scribd.com/book/445645359/L-etrange-defaite-Analyse-complete-de-l-oeu...
> Scribd : https://fr.scribd.com/book/453958744/L-etrange-Defaite
> Critiques Libres : https://critiqueslibres.com/i.php/vcrit/38689
> Les Echos (Edouard T., le 2 oct. 2013) : https://www-lesechos-fr.cdn.ampproject.org/c/s/www.lesechos.fr/amp/329151
> (Konopnicki G., le 19/06/2010)Marianne : https://www.marianne.net/societe/retour-sur-une-etrange-defaite
> L'OBS (Haski P., le 17 mai 2020) : https://www-nouvelobs-com.cdn.ampproject.org/c/s/www.nouvelobs.com/chroniques/20...
> Libération, (Bloch S., le 12 nov. 2012) : https://www-liberation-fr.cdn.ampproject.org/c/s/www.liberation.fr/france/2012/1...
> La vie des idées (Huret R., le 19 janvier 2009) : https://laviedesidees.fr/L-etrange-defaite-de-John-McCain.html
> Bouquineux : http://www.bouquineux.com/?telecharger=1512&Bloch-L_%C3%89trange_D%C3%A9fait...
> Le Monde (Weill N., le 02 août 2017) : https://www.lemonde.fr/livres/article/2017/08/02/l-etrange-defaite-a-signe-celle...
> Damamme Dominique. cas d'expertise, l'étrange défaite de Marc Bloch.
In: Sociétés contemporaines N°39, 2000. pp. 95-116. … ; (en ligne),
URL : https://www.persee.fr/doc/socco_1150-1944_2000_num_39_1_1804
> L'ÉTRANGE DÉFAITE, de Marc Bloch. — L'étrange défaite, écrit par Marc Bloch, est un livre d'histoire français bien connu qui a été publié pour la première fois en 1946 après la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Ce livre traite de la chute de la France en 1940 au cours des premiers stades de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Il est hautement considéré comme l'un des meilleurs livres jamais écrits sur l'histoire militaire française.
Marc Bloch, un vétéran français hautement décoré de la Première Guerre mondiale et historien bien connu, a été témoin de la chute soudaine et catastrophique de son pays lors de l'invasion nazie. Il a plus tard écrit ce livre comme son souvenir personnel de ses expériences pendant cette période.
Dans L'étrange défaite, Bloch analyse les différents facteurs qui ont conduit à la défaite de la France. Il met en évidence les problèmes qui existaient dans l'armée française, tels que les tactiques obsolètes et l'insuffisance des blindés. Il examine également les faiblesses de la société française qui ont contribué à la reddition du pays, telles que les divisions politiques et le manque de moral.
Bien que le livre traite de la défaite de la France pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Bloch regarde également en arrière dans l'histoire française pour identifier les problèmes culturels de longue date qui ont rendu le pays vulnérable à l'attaque nazie.
Dans l'ensemble, L'étrange défaite est un livre perspicace et stimulant qui est largement reconnu comme l'une des œuvres les plus importantes sur l'histoire militaire française et la Seconde Guerre mondiale.
—BooksAI… (mais)
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